75 research outputs found
I Always Feel Like Somebody's Watching Me. Measuring Online Behavioural Advertising
Online Behavioural targeted Advertising (OBA) has risen in prominence as a
method to increase the effectiveness of online advertising. OBA operates by
associating tags or labels to users based on their online activity and then
using these labels to target them. This rise has been accompanied by privacy
concerns from researchers, regulators and the press. In this paper, we present
a novel methodology for measuring and understanding OBA in the online
advertising market. We rely on training artificial online personas representing
behavioural traits like 'cooking', 'movies', 'motor sports', etc. and build a
measurement system that is automated, scalable and supports testing of multiple
configurations. We observe that OBA is a frequent practice and notice that
categories valued more by advertisers are more intensely targeted. In addition,
we provide evidences showing that the advertising market targets sensitive
topics (e.g, religion or health) despite the existence of regulation that bans
such practices. We also compare the volume of OBA advertising for our personas
in two different geographical locations (US and Spain) and see little
geographic bias in terms of intensity of OBA targeting. Finally, we check for
targeting with do-not-track (DNT) enabled and discovered that DNT is not yet
enforced in the web.Comment: To appear in ACM CoNEXT 2015, Heidelberg, Germany. Please cite the
conference version of this pape
Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization; Schemes, Use Cases and Standardization
Traditionally, the media consumption model
has been a passive and isolated activity. However, the
advent of media streaming technologies, interactive social
applications, and synchronous communications, as well as
the convergence between these three developments, point
to an evolution towards dynamic shared media experiences.
In this new model, geographically distributed groups of
consumers, independently of their location and the nature
of their end-devices, can be immersed in a common virtual
networked environment in which they can share multimedia
services, interact and collaborate in real-time within
the context of simultaneous media content consumption. In
most of these multimedia services and applications, apart
from the well-known intra and inter-stream synchronization
techniques that are important inside the consumers
playout devices, also the synchronization of the playout
processes between several distributed receivers, known as
multipoint, group or Inter-destination multimedia synchronization
(IDMS), becomes essential. Due to the
increasing popularity of social networking, this type of
multimedia synchronization has gained in popularity in
recent years. Although Social TV is perhaps the most
prominent use case in which IDMS is useful, in this paper
we present up to 19 use cases for IDMS, each one having
its own synchronization requirements. Different approaches
used in the (recent) past by researchers to achieve
IDMS are described and compared. As further proof of the
significance of IDMS nowadays, relevant organizations
(such as ETSI TISPAN and IETF AVTCORE Group)
efforts on IDMS standardization (in which authors have
been and are participating actively), defining architectures
and protocols, are summarized.This work has been financed, partially, by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), under its R&D Support Program in PAID-05-11-002-331 Project and in PAID-01-10, and by TNO, under its Future Internet Use Research & Innovation Program. The authors also want to thank Kevin Gross for providing some of the use cases included in Sect. 1.2.Montagud, M.; Boronat Segui, F.; Stokking, H.; Van Brandenburg, R. (2012). Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization; Schemes, Use Cases and Standardization. Multimedia Systems. 18(6):459-482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-012-0278-9S459482186Kernchen, R., Meissner, S., Moessner, K., Cesar, P., Vaishnavi, I., Boussard, M., Hesselman, C.: Intelligent multimedia presentation in ubiquitous multidevice scenarios. 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In: IETF Audio/Video Transport Working Group, Internet Draft, February 28, 201
Intrastream synchronizotion for continuous media streams: A survey of playout schedulers
The transmission of real-time streams over best effort networks has been
an interesting research area for over a decade. An important objective
of the research community has been to devise methods that cope with the
variations of the network delay-also called delay jitter-that are an
inherent characteristic of best effort networks. Jitter destroys the
temporal relationships between periodically transmitted media units that
constitute a real-time media stream, thus hindering the comprehension of
the stream. Playout adaptation algorithms undertake the labor of the
temporal reconstruction of the stream, which is sometimes referred to as
the restoration of its intrastream synchronization quality. This article
surveys the work in the area of play-out adaptation, aiming to
concisely. organize ideas that have been presented in isolation and
identify the main points of differentiation among different schemes. The
survey discusses issues related to timing information, handling of late
media units, quality evaluation metrics, and adaptation to changing
delay conditions
Local utility aware content replication
Abstract. A commonly employed abstraction for studying the object placement problem for the purpose of Internet content distribution is that of a distributed replication group. In this work the initial model of distributed replication group of Leff, Wolf, and Yu (IEEE TPDS ’93) is extended to the case that individual nodes act selfishly, i.e., cater to the optimization of their individual local utilities. Our main contribution is the derivation of equilibrium object placement strategies that: (a) can guarantee improved local utilities for all nodes concurrently as compared to the corresponding local utilities under greedy local object placement; (b) do not suffer from potential mistreatment problems, inherent to centralized strategies that aim at optimizing the social utility; (c) do not require the existence of complete information at all nodes. We develop a baseline computationally efficient algorithm for obtaining the aforementioned equilibrium strategies and then extend it to improve its performance with respect to fairness. Both algorithms are realizable in practice through a distributed protocol that requires only limited exchange of information.
Storage capacity allocation algorithms for hierarchical content distribution
The addition of storage capacity in network nodes for the caching or replication of popular data objects results in reduced end-user delay, reduced network traffic, and improved scalability. The problem of allocating an available storage budget to the nodes of a hierarchical content distribution system is formulated; optimal algorithms, as well as fast/efficient heuristics, are developed for its solution. An innovative aspect of the presented approach is that it combines all relevant subproblems, concerning node locations, node sizes, and object placement, and solves them jointly in a single optimization step. The developed algorithms may be utilized in content distribution networks that employ either replication or caching/replacement. © 2005 by International Federation for Information Processing
On the optimization of storage capacity allocation for content distribution
The addition of storage capacity in network nodes for the caching or replication of popular data objects results in reduced end-user delay, reduced network traffic, and improved scalability. The problem of allocating an available storage budget to the nodes of a hierarchical content distribution system is formulated; optimal algorithms, as well as fast/efficient heuristics, are developed for its solution. An innovative aspect of the presented approach is that it combines all relevant subproblems, concerning node locations, node sizes, and object placement, and solves them jointly in a single optimization step. The developed algorithms may be utilized in content distribution networks that employ either replication or caching/replacement. In addition to reducing the average fetch distance for the requested content, they also cater to load balancing and workload constraints on a given node. Strictly hierarchical, as well as hierarchical with peering, request routing models are considered. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
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